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Wilkes University
Center for Environmental Quality=20
Environmental Engineering and
Earth Sciences
Ozonation | |
Ozonation in Water=20
Treatment
Ozone was first used in water treatment =
in the=20
late 1800s and ozone is more widely used in Europe and Asia then the =
United=20
States. Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms, =
the gas=20
will readily degrade back to oxygen, and during this transition a free =
oxygen=20
atom, or free radical is form. The free oxygen radical is highly =
reactive and=20
short lived, under normal conditions it will only survive for=20
milliseconds.
Ozone is a colorless gas that has an odor similar to =
smell of=20
the air after a major thunderstorm.=20
![3D"ozonation,](3D"http://www.water-research.net/images/ozoneremoves.gif")
Ozone has a greater disinfection effectiveness against bacteria and =
viruses=20
compared to chlorination. In addition, the oxidizing properties =
can also=20
reduce the concentration of iron, manganese, sulfur and reduce or =
eliminate=20
taste and odor problems. Ozone oxides the iron, manganese, and =
sulfur in=20
the water to form insoluble metal oxides or elemental sulfur. =
These=20
insoluble particles are then removed by post-filtration. Organic =
particles=20
and chemicals will be eliminated through either coagulation or chemical=20
oxidation. Ozone is unstable, and it will degrade over a =
time frame=20
ranging from a few seconds to 30 minutes. The rate of degradation is a =
function=20
of water chemistry, pH and water temperature.
Ozonation Process
The formation of oxygen into ozone occurs with the use of energy. =
This=20
process is carried out by an electric discharge field as in the CD-type =
ozone=20
generators (corona discharge simulation of the lightning), or by =
ultraviolet=20
radiation as in UV-type ozone generators (simulation of the ultraviolet =
rays=20
from the sun). In addition to these commercial methods, ozone may also =
be made=20
through electrolytic and chemical reactions. In general, an =
ozonation=20
system includes passing dry, clean air through a high voltage electric=20
discharge, i.e., corona discharge, which creates and ozone =
concentration=20
of approximately 1% or 10,000 mg/L. In treating small quantities =
of waste,=20
the UV ozonators are the most common, while large-scale systems use =
either=20
corona discharge or other bulk ozone-producing methods.
The raw water is then passed through a venturi throat which creates a =
vacuum=20
and pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then bubbled up =
through the=20
water being treated. Since the ozone will react with metals to =
create=20
insoluble metal oxides, post filtration is required.
![](3D"http://www.water-research.net/images/ozone_diagram.gif")
Primary Advantages to Ozone
1. Ozone is effect over a wide pH range and rapidly =
reacts with=20
bacteria, viruses, and protozoans and has stronger germicidal properties =
then=20
chlorination. Has a very strong oxidizing power with a short =
reaction=20
time.
2.The treatment process does not add chemicals to the =
water.
3. Ozone can eliminate a wide variety of inorganic, =
organic and=20
microbiological problems and taste and odor problems. The =
microbiological=20
agents include bacteria, viruses, and protozons (such as: Giardia and=20
Cryptosporidium).
Disadvantages to Ozone
1. There is a higher equipment and operational cost and =
it may be=20
more difficult to find professional proficient in ozone treatment and =
system=20
maintenance.
2. Ozonation provides no germicidal or disinfection =
residual to=20
inhibit or prevent regrowth.
3. Ozonation by-products are still being evaluated and =
it is=20
possible that some by-products by be carcinogenic. These may include =
brominated=20
by-products, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. This is one =
reason=20
that the post filtration system may include an activate carbon =
filter.
4.System may require pretreatment for hardness reduction =
or the=20
additional of polyphosphate to prevent formation of carbonate scale.
5.Ozone is less soluble in water, compared to =
chlorine, and=20
therefore special mixing techniques are needed.
6.Potential fire hazards and toxicity issues associated =
with ozone=20
generation.
National =
Small=20
Flows Clearinghouse - PDF on Ozone
For More information about the Environmental Quality =
Center,=20
please contact:
Attn:=20
Mr. Brian Oram, Professional Geologist (PG)
Laboratory =
Director
Wilkes University
Environmental Engineering =
and Earth Sciences
PO =
Box=20
111
84 West South Street
Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766
Home | Technology =
Outreach=20
Program | Drinking Water Help =
Guides | Contact =
Us
Available =
Test=20
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Interests, Funded=20
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Information=20
Water Testing
Environmental=
Topics -=20
Infiltration, Soils,
Wellhead Protection, Groundwater,=20
Watersheds
PowerPoint Presentations
Watershed Monitoring, =
Research,=20
Training,
Lake and Watershed Studies, Volunteer Monitoring=20
Programs
The Water =
Library -=20
Pdf files on Water Issues and Topics
=
Tools for=20
Undergraduate Students
Field =
Training and=20
Workshops in Earth Science
Affiliations and Hot=20
Links
| Search Our=20
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ater=20
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